Physical development is a fundamental aspect of learning in the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS). It supports children’s confidence, enjoyment, and competence in movement, which in turn enhances their emotional well-being and overall health. Strong physical skills enable children to play, build relationships, grow in independence, and engage in a wide range of activities—both now and in later life.
Why Physical Development Matters
Most babies and young children are naturally inclined to move and explore their physical capabilities. From rolling and crawling to walking and running, they demonstrate remarkable determination in mastering these skills. With the right experiences and interactions, children refine both gross motor skills (large movements like jumping and balancing) and fine motor skills (smaller, precise movements like gripping and drawing).
Research highlights that some children miss out on crucial physical development opportunities in their early years. Since physical development is linked to early numeracy, literacy, and broader learning outcomes, practitioners play a key role in identifying what children can do and what they need to learn next.
Links to Learning and Later Life
Physical activity in early childhood has long-term benefits, including:
- Improved fundamental movement skills (running, jumping, throwing, catching, balancing)
- Greater engagement in physical activity throughout life
- Better physical health, reducing risks like cardiovascular disease and obesity
- Enhanced mental well-being and social participation
Children who struggle with gross motor skills may find it harder to join in social play, leading to isolation. Conversely, those who develop strong movement skills gain confidence, persistence, and a positive self-image.
Curriculum and Pedagogy in Physical Development
The EYFS framework emphasises:
- Gross motor development – building core strength, balance, coordination, and agility
- Fine motor control – improving hand-eye coordination, precision, and confidence
Gross Motor Development
Develops from head to toe (e.g., head control before walking) and from the centre outward (e.g., shoulder strength before elbow control). Activities like jumping, climbing, and balancing help children refine coordination and spatial awareness.
Fine Motor Control
Depends on gross motor strength—e.g., sitting unsupported frees up hands for grasping objects. Progresses from whole-hand grips to pincer grips, enabling mark-making, cutting, and tool use.
Key Approaches to Support Physical Development
Active Play Indoors and Outdoors
The UK Chief Medical Officers note that physical activity peaks around age five. Outdoor play encourages vigorous movement but play alone is not enough—children also need structured opportunities to develop skills.
The Role of ‘Tummy Time’ and Free Movement
Only around 30% of babies get sufficient ‘tummy time’ (lying on their front while awake), which is vital for muscle development. Overuse of ‘containers’ (pushchairs, car seats, bouncers) can restrict movement.
Supporting Children with Disabilities
Physical activity benefits all children, including those with medical conditions or disabilities. Seated exercises and wheelchair movement still count as active participation.
Adult Guidance and Modelling
Children need explicit teaching of movement skills, not just free play. Practitioners should demonstrate skills (e.g., hopping, throwing) and provide structured practice (e.g., hopscotch, ball games).
Developing Gross and Fine Motor Skills
Gross Motor Skills
Activities like cruising along furniture before walking independently and using play equipment help children refine coordination and spatial awareness.
Fine Motor Skills
Provide varied resources (e.g., beads, scissors, small bricks) to refine hand-eye coordination and develop precision in movements.
Key Messages for Practitioners
✔ Identifying small steps in skill progression and teaching them explicitly.
✔ Balancing free play with guided practice—some children need direct instruction.
✔ Modelling movements (e.g., jumping, throwing) and providing structured activities.
✔ Offering varied opportunities to practise both gross and fine motor skills.
✔ Ensuring enough space and time for children to refine their skills through repetition.
By prioritising physical development, early years practitioners lay the foundation for lifelong health, confidence, and learning success.
